Typically, a significant proportion of toxins associated with liver failure is albumin-bound, e.g. unconjugated bilirubin, bile acids, hydrophobic amino- and fatty acids. Unlike hemodialysis and hemofiltration, fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (FPSA) clears blood effectively from albumin-bound substances. Water-soluble toxins of low- and middle-molecular weight are most effectively removed by high-flux hemodialysis. Thus, a combination of FPSA with high-flux hemodialysis is the most effective method to deplete the patient form toxic waste.